These are separate questions...

The Cloud™: noun

Someone else's hard drive

Cloud computing: noun

Abstracting away physical infrastructure

Disposable application design

What makes an application cloud-friendly?

They're not rules

They're more like guidelines

Split code from content

Your application is disposable. Your data is not.

Data flow

You don't get an in-between option

Take-away

Cleanly separate "Dev provided" and "user provided" files

What is configuration?

Does config come from the developer or the user?

Git or Database?

Drupal Config Management

1. Configure in UI / DB
2. Export to YAML
3. Commit to Git
4. Push / Pull
5. Import back to DB

Take-away

Decide

What happens at runtime
stays at runtime

Dependency inject your environment

• DB credentials (Solr, Redis, etc.)
• API keys
• All paths on disk
• Domain names

Environment variables

getenv('foo');

$_ENV['foo'];

$_ENV['foo']['bar'];
        

Only ever use getenv()

Need glue code

Platform.sh

Symfony 3

// platform_parameters.php
// Configure the database.
if (getenv('PLATFORM_RELATIONSHIPS')) {
    $dbRelationshipName = 'database';
    $relationships = json_decode(base64_decode(getenv('PLATFORM_RELATIONSHIPS')), true);

    foreach ($relationships[$dbRelationshipName] as $endpoint) {
        if (!empty($endpoint['query']['is_master'])) {
            $container->setParameter('database_driver', 'pdo_'.$endpoint['scheme']);
            $container->setParameter('database_host', $endpoint['host']);
            $container->setParameter('database_port', $endpoint['port']);
            $container->setParameter('database_name', $endpoint['path']);
            $container->setParameter('database_user', $endpoint['username']);
            $container->setParameter('database_password', $endpoint['password']);
            $container->setParameter('database_path', '');
            break;
        }
    }
}
// Set a default unique secret, based on a project-specific entropy value.
if (getenv('PLATFORM_PROJECT_ENTROPY')) {
    $container->setParameter('kernel.secret', getenv('PLATFORM_PROJECT_ENTROPY'));
}
        

Platform.sh / Symfony 4

composer require platformsh/symfonyflex-bridge
        

mapPlatformShEnvironment();

function mapPlatformShEnvironment() : void
{
    if (!getenv('PLATFORM_APPLICATION')) {
        return;
    }

    $secret = getenv('APP_SECRET') ?: getenv('PLATFORM_PROJECT_ENTROPY') ?: null;
    setEnvVar('APP_SECRET', $secret);

    $appEnv = getenv('APP_ENV') ?: 'prod';
    setEnvVar('APP_ENV', $appEnv);

    if (!getenv('DATABASE_URL')) {
        mapPlatformShDatabase();
    }
}
// ...
        

Platform.sh / Laravel

composer require platformsh/laravel-bridge
        

mapPlatformShEnvironment();

function mapPlatformShEnvironment() : void
{
    if (!getenv('PLATFORM_APPLICATION')) {
        return;
    }

    mapAppUrl();

    $secret = getenv('APP_KEY') ?: getenv('PLATFORM_PROJECT_ENTROPY') ?: null;
    setEnvVar('APP_KEY', $secret);

    $secure_cookie = getenv('SESSION_SECURE_COOKIE') ?: 1;
    setEnvVar('SESSION_SECURE_COOKIE', $secure_cookie);

    if (getenv('PLATFORM_RELATIONSHIPS')) {
        $relationships = json_decode(base64_decode(getenv('PLATFORM_RELATIONSHIPS'), true), true);
        mapPlatformShDatabase('database', $relationships);
        mapPlatformShRedisCache('rediscache', $relationships);
        mapPlatformShRedisSession('redissession', $relationships);
    }
}
// ...
        

Glue of last resort

composer.json

{
    "autoload": {
        "files": ["extra-bridge.php"]
    }
}
        

Only works if your app reads env vars...

Use DotEnv

(PHP has several... because PHP)

Symfony\HttpFoundation

Request::setTrustedHosts()

Constants?

Take-away

Dependency inject your environment

User-configured connections

Installers

1. Ask for DB credentials
2. Ask user for basic site info
3. Write credentials to config file
4. Populate DB
5. Write basic site info to config file/DB
6. Profit!!!

Cloud

Better installers

• Pre-include connection glue
• Installer skips pre-populated values
• Do not download from installer

Avoid lock-in

Always be able to
take your business elsewhere.

Use Free Software

Use replaceable services

Google has killed...

• Reader
• iGoogle
• Google Talk
• Google Health
• Knol
• Google Insights
• Picnik
• Buzz
• Aardvark
• Sidewiki
• Notebook
• Dictionary
• Labs
• Wave
• SearchWiki
• Dodgeball
• Jaiku
• Lively
• Page Creator
• Zeitgeist
• Answers
• Google X
• Catalog
• Web Accelerator
• Video Player
• Sets
• SearchMash
• Writely

Source: WordStream (2015)

Microservices: Threat or menace

What is a microservice?

Properties of microservice design

• Single-purpose components
• Dumb pipes (HTTP, IPC, etc.)
• Separate teams
• Independent releases

(Sources: Wikipedia, Martin Fowler)

Every microservice treats every other microservice as a separate 3rd party that may as well be a different company.

Benefits

• Different tools/languages
• Small, focused, interdisiplinary teams
• Strong separation of concerns
• Scale/evolve/replace separately

Any organization that designs a system (defined broadly) will produce a design whose structure is a copy of the organization's communication structure.

—Conway's Law

Drawbacks

• Network latency
• Network points of failure (plural)
• Transitioning code is 10x harder
• API versioning
• More staff needed
• PHP startup time

"If one of your microservices going down means the others don't work, you don't have a microservice; you have a distributed monolith."

—A few dozen people

So if microservices aren't for me, what is?

Clustered applications

Clustered applications

• Single team
• Disrete components
• Deploys as once
• Usually one language (not required)
• May share datastores

You've probably already done this

Clustered applications

Cron jobs

"Admin" application

Queue workers

API app

All asynchronous

To summarize...

Remember what they say when you assume